The acts of the mind, wherein it exerts its power over simple ideas, are chiefly these three:
Hierarchy Combining several simple ideas into one compound one, and thus all complex ideas are made.
Linking The second is bringing two ideas, whether simple or complex, together, and setting them by one another so as to take a view of them at once, without uniting them into one, by which it gets all its ideas of relations.
Abstraction The third is separating them from all other ideas that accompany them in their real existence: this is called abstraction, and thus all its general ideas are made.
Locke,J. (1689) An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Hackett Publishing Company, Inc.
Encapsulation Encapsulating the data and behavior into a single object is of primary importance in OO development. A single object contains both its data and behaviors and can hide what it wants from other objects.
Inheritance A class can inherit from another class and take advantage of the attributes and methods defined by the superclass.
Polymorphism Polymorphism means that similar objects can respond to the same message in different manners. For example, you might have a system with many shapes. However, a circle, a square, and a star are each drawn differently. Using polymorphism, you can send each of these shapes the same message (for example Draw) and each shape is responsible for drawing itself.
Composition Composition means that an object is built from other objects.
Weisfeld, M. (2004). The Object-Oriented Thought Process. Sam's Publishing.
Using Schema Thoughtful readers make connections, and retrieve and activate prior knowledge.
Inferring Thoughtful readers draw conclusions, make predictions, and form interpretations.
Questioning Thoughtful readers generate questions before, during, and after reading.
Determining Importance Thoughtful readers sift out relevant and useful information.
Visualizing Thoughtful readers create mental images supported by the five senses.
Synthesizing Thoughtful readers continually change their thinking in response to text.
McGregor, T. (2007). Comprehension Connections: Bridges to Strategic Reading. Heinemann.